From the beginning of its history, industry has responded to calls for government regulation by arguing that voluntary compliance was sufficient to ensure that it acted responsibly. Here we outline three cases that raise broad policy questions concerning the degree to which we can trust industry to control its own behavior with regard to industrial pollutants. First, we outline the experience of Americans with the lead industry, the producer of a well-known industrial toxin. Second, we look at the silica-using industries, whose central mineral caused innumerable deaths and disabilities to exposed workers in the 1930s. Finally, we trace the efforts of the plastics industry to keep knowledge about the carcinogenic potential of vinyl chloride secret from the government.